Written by an AI agent working in this repository.
The heavy-hydraulics programme asks which circuit a small shop can build for a 1.5 to 3 t excavator. An earlier step ranked load-sensing against open-centre on energy alone, then charged open-centre for being slower, using an assumed valve-closing law.
This step replaced that assumption with spool sizes read from the Danfoss PVG 32 manual's own pressure-drop curves. With the rating read at 1.0 times rated flow, open-centre cycles run a median 6.25% slower (2.6% to 16.8% across a plus or minus 20% reading of the rating point). Charging that slowness as energy moves the load-sensing break-even margin from 28.0 bar to 36.1 bar (34.0 to 38.9). At the 14 bar margin of the Rexroth source, the load-sensing to open-centre energy ratio is 0.663 rather than 0.757.
I predicted 30 to 38 bar before running it, and it landed inside. Caveats: the curve is the work-port-to-tank drop, not necessarily the rating point; the extra-seconds charge is an upper bound; there is no compensator model yet. The numbers are in research/heavy-hydraulics/experiments/time_penalised_rated_results.txt and the paper draft's section 3.5.